ADVANCED COMPUTER HARDWARE( graphic, cards, SSDs and server) Lesson Note
This SS2 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND GSM REPAIR lesson note covers ADVANCED COMPUTER HARDWARE( graphic, cards, SSDs and server) for First Term, Week 1.
Learning Objectives
- By the end of these lessons, students should be able to:
- Define advanced computer hardware.
- Explain the meaning and functions of a graphics card.
- Identify the major components of a graphics card.
- Distinguish between integrated and dedicated graphics.
- Define SSD and explain how it works.
- State the advantages and disadvantages of SSDs.
- Explain the meaning of a server.
- Identify different types of servers.
- Explain the functions of servers in computer networks.
- Identify common faults associated with graphics cards, SSDs and servers.
- State basic maintenance and safety practices for advanced computer hardware.
Lesson Note
A. GRAPHICS CARDS AND SOLID-STATE DRIVES (SSDs)
Meaning of Advanced Computer Hardware
Advanced computer hardware refers to high-performance physical components used to improve the processing, storage, graphics, networking and overall performance of computer systems.
Examples include: Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), Dedicated graphics cards, Solid-State Drives (SSDs), Network interface cards, High-capacity memory modules, Servers, RAID storage systems and Advanced cooling systems
These components are commonly found in gaming computers, workstations, data centres, business systems and other computers that require high performance.
1. Graphics Cards
Meaning of a Graphics Card
A graphics card, also called a video card or graphics adapter, is a computer hardware component responsible for processing and producing visual information that can be displayed on a monitor or other display device.
The main processing chip on a graphics card is called the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).
*A graphics card can be used for:
*Displaying images and videos
*Playing computer games
*Video editing
*3D modelling
*Animation
*Computer-aided design (CAD)
*Scientific and engineering applications
*Other tasks requiring large amounts of parallel computation
Major Components of a Graphics Card
A typical dedicated graphics card may contain the following:
i. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
The GPU is the main processor on the graphics card. It performs many calculations required to generate images, animations and other visual effects.
ii. Video Memory (VRAM):
VRAM means Video Random Access Memory.
It stores graphical data that the GPU needs while processing images and videos.
A graphics card with sufficient VRAM can handle larger textures, higher-resolution graphics and more complex visual workloads, although performance also depends on the GPU and other system components.
3. Cooling System
Graphics cards generate heat when operating.
Cooling systems may include:
*Fans
*Heat sinks
*Thermal interface materials
The cooling system helps prevent excessive heat.
4. Display Outputs
Graphics cards may have different ports for connecting displays.
Examples include:
*HDMI
*DisplayPort
*DVI
*VGA on some older equipment
5. Circuit Board
The graphics card is built on a printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB provides electrical connections between the GPU, memory, power circuits and other components.
6. Power Connectors
Some high-performance graphics cards require additional power from the computer’s power supply unit.
Integrated and Dedicated Graphics
Graphics processing can generally be provided in two major ways.
Integrated Graphics
Integrated graphics are built into or included with the computer’s main processor or system architecture.
Advantages:
*Usually consumes less power.
*Often costs less because a separate graphics card is not required.
*Suitable for everyday computing and many basic graphics tasks.
Disadvantages:
*Generally, less powerful than high-end dedicated graphics.
*May use part of the computer’s main system memory.
Dedicated Graphics Card
A dedicated graphics card is a separate hardware component installed in a computer.
Advantages:
Usually provides higher graphics performance.
Has its own dedicated graphics memory.
Suitable for demanding games, 3D applications and professional graphics work.
Disadvantages:
Can be more expensive.
Uses additional electrical power.
Produces additional heat.
Common Graphics Card Problems
Some common problems include:
1. No Display
The computer may switch on without showing an image on the monitor.
Possible causes include:
*Poor connection
*Faulty graphics card
*Incorrect display connection
*Driver problems
*Power-related problems
2. Overheating
A graphics card may become excessively hot because of:
*Dust accumulation
*Poor airflow
*Faulty cooling fans
*Heavy workload
*Poor thermal contact
3. Display Errors
*The screen may show unusual visual patterns, flickering or distorted images.
*Such problems can result from hardware faults, overheating, connection problems or software/driver issues.
4. Driver Problems
*Graphics drivers allow the operating system and applications to communicate properly with the graphics hardware.
*Incorrect or damaged drivers can cause graphics-related problems.
Maintenance of Graphics Cards
Proper maintenance can help improve reliability.
Students should:
Keep the computer case clean.
Ensure that air vents are not blocked.
Keep cooling fans free from excessive dust.
Ensure that the graphics card is properly installed.
Use appropriate drivers.
Avoid exposing the computer to excessive heat.
Handle the graphics card carefully when installing or removing it.
Follow appropriate anti-static precautions.
B. Solid-State Drive (SSD)
Meaning of SSD
SSD means Solid-State Drive.
An SSD is a storage device that uses flash memory to store data. Unlike a traditional hard disk drive (HDD), an SSD does not use spinning magnetic disks.
SSDs are commonly used in:
*Desktop computers
*Laptop computers
*Workstations
*Servers
*External storage devices
How an SSD Works
An SSD stores data electronically in flash memory cells.
When the computer requests information, the SSD’s controller manages the reading and writing of data. The major parts of an SSD include:
*NAND flash memory
*Controller
*Firmware
*Cache or buffer memory in some designs
*Interface/connector
*Because an SSD has no moving mechanical disk, it can access data quickly and operates silently.
Advantages of SSDs
Some advantages of SSDs include:
Fast performance — They can provide faster data access than traditional HDDs.
No moving parts — This reduces mechanical wear.
Quiet operation — SSDs do not contain spinning disks.
Lower power consumption — Many SSDs use less power than comparable HDDs.
Resistance to physical movement — They are generally better suited to mobile devices than mechanical drives.
Faster booting — Computers with SSDs can often start operating more quickly.
Faster application loading — Programs and files can load more quickly.
Disadvantages of SSDs
Despite their advantages, SSDs have some limitations:
They can cost more per unit of storage than HDDs.
Flash memory has a finite number of write cycles.
Recovering data from a failed SSD can be difficult.
Performance and durability vary depending on the type and quality of the SSD.
Types of SSD Interfaces
SSDs can use different interfaces and physical forms.
SATA SSD
SATA SSDs use the Serial ATA (SATA) interface.
They are widely used as upgrades for computers that originally used SATA hard drives.
NVMe SSD
NVMe means Non-Volatile Memory Express.
NVMe SSDs communicate over PCI Express (PCIe), allowing very high storage performance.
They are commonly found in modern computers and high-performance systems.
SSD and HDD Comparison
FEATURES SSD HDD
Storage technology Flash memory Magnetic disks
Moving parts None Yes
Noise Very quiet Can produce mechanical noise
Access speed Generally faster Generally slower
Physical resistance Generally more resistant More sensitive to physical shocks
To movement
Power consumption Often lower Often higher
Cost per storage capacity Usually higher Usually lower
C. SERVERS AND SERVER HARDWARE
Meaning of a Server
A server is a computer or system that provides services, resources, or data to other computers, devices, or users over a network.
A server may be a powerful physical computer, a virtual machine or a software service running on a computer.
Examples of services provided by servers include:
*File storage
*Website hosting
*Database management
*Email services
*Printing
*Application hosting
*Network management
*User authentication
Client and Server
A client is a computer or device that requests a service or resource from a server.
For example, when a user accesses a website:
Client device → Network → Web server → Network → Client device
The client sends a request, and the server processes the request and sends an appropriate response.
Major Components of a Server
Servers are designed to operate reliably and handle many requests.
Important server hardware may include:
1. Processor
A server processor performs calculations and executes instructions.
Servers may use processors designed for handling multiple workloads and many simultaneous users.
2. RAM
Server RAM temporarily holds data and programs being actively used.
Servers often require substantial amounts of RAM depending on their workload.
3. Storage
Servers may use the following for storage:
*HDDs
*SSDs
*NVMe SSDs
*RAID storage systems
4. Network Interface Card
A Network Interface Card (NIC) enables the server to communicate with other devices over a network.
5. Power Supply
Servers require reliable power supplies. Some server systems use redundant power supplies so that one power supply can fail while the other continues supplying power.
6. Cooling System
Servers generate considerable heat, particularly when operating under heavy workloads. Cooling systems help maintain suitable operating temperatures.
Types of Servers
File Server
A file server stores and manages files that can be accessed by authorised users on a network.
Web Server
A web server stores or delivers web content and responds to requests from web clients.
Database Server
A database server manages databases and provides data to authorised applications or users.
Print Server
A print server manages printers and printing requests from computers connected to a network.
Mail Server
A mail server handles email-related services such as sending, receiving and storing email messages.
Application Server
An application server provides applications or application-related services to users or client devices.
DNS Server
A Domain Name System (DNS) server helps translate domain names into IP addresses and supports name resolution on networks.
Importance of Servers
Servers are important because they:
Allow users to share files and resources.
Provide centralised storage.
Support websites and online services.
Manage databases.
Support communication services.
Allow centralised administration of network resources.
Improve resource sharing within organisations.
Provide services to multiple client computers
Common Server Hardware Problems
Servers may experience various hardware problems, including:
Overheating
Excessive heat may result from:
*Blocked air vents
*Dust
*Cooling fan failure
*High workload
*Poor airflow
Storage Failure
*A faulty HDD or SSD can cause loss of access to stored information.
*Servers may use backup systems and storage redundancy to reduce the effects of hardware failure.
Power Supply Failure
*A faulty power supply can cause the server to shut down or fail to start.
Memory Problems
*Faulty RAM can cause system instability, crashes or failure to boot.
Network Problems
*A faulty network interface or network connection can prevent a server from communicating properly with clients.
Server Maintenance
Good server maintenance includes:
Keeping the server room clean.
Maintaining proper ventilation and cooling.
Monitoring hardware performance.
Checking storage devices.
Maintaining reliable backups.
Installing appropriate security and system updates.
Checking power supplies and cables.
Monitoring system logs for problems.
Using appropriate network security measures.
Replacing faulty components when necessary.
Safety Precautions When Handling Advanced Hardware
When handling graphics cards, SSDs and server components:
Switch off equipment before carrying out appropriate hardware work.
Disconnect power where necessary.
Use anti-static protection when handling sensitive components.
Hold circuit boards by their edges where appropriate.
Do not force connectors into ports.
Use the correct tools.
Keep liquids away from electronic equipment.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Follow the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
Only perform repairs that are appropriate for your level of training and supervision.
Evaluation
Choose the correct option from A–D.
1. Which component is primarily responsible for processing graphics on a dedicated graphics card?
A. CPU
B. GPU
C. RAM
D. PSU
2. What does VRAM mean?
A. Virtual Random Access Memory
B. Video Random Access Memory
C. Visual Read Access Machine
D. Video Read Application Memory
3. Which of the following is a major advantage of an SSD over a traditional HDD?
A. It contains more moving parts
B. It generally provides faster data access
C. It requires magnetic disks
D. It produces more mechanical noise
4. What does SSD stand for?
A. Solid-State Drive
B. System Storage Device
C. Software Storage Drive
D. Solid System Data
5. Which SSD technology commonly uses the PCI Express interface?
A. NVMe
B. VGA
C. IDE
D. PS/2
6. A computer that provides services or resources to other computers on a network is called a _____.
A. Client
B. Server
C. Keyboard
D. Monitor
7. Which type of server is primarily used to manage and provide access to databases?
A. Print server
B. Database server
C. File server
D. Web browser
8. Which component enables a server to communicate with other computers over a network?
A. Network Interface Card
B. Heat sink
C. Graphics card
D. Power button
9. Which of the following can help prevent overheating in a server?
A. Blocking air vents
B. Proper cooling and ventilation
C. Covering the fans
D. Placing the server near liquid
10. Which of the following is an important precaution when handling a graphics card or other sensitive computer component?
A. Handle it carelessly
B. Use appropriate anti-static protection
C. Pour water on it
D. Force the component into place
Theory Questions
1a. What is a graphics card, and what is its major processing component?
1b. State five advantages of using a Solid-State Drive (SSD).
2a. Differentiate between integrated graphics and a dedicated graphics card.
2b. What is a server? Mention four types of servers.
2c. State five important safety or maintenance practices when handling advanced computer hardware