ADVANCED COMPUTER HARDWARE Lesson Note
This SS2 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY lesson note covers ADVANCED COMPUTER HARDWARE for First Term, Week 1.
Learning Objectives
- Learning Objectives
- By the end of the lessons, students should be able to:
- • Define computer hardware.
- • Explain the meaning of advanced computer hardware.
- • Identify major advanced hardware components.
- • Explain the functions of the CPU, motherboard, RAM and ROM.
- • Explain the functions of graphics cards and GPUs.
- • Differentiate between HDD and SSD.
- • Explain the importance of computer servers.
- • Identify common computer ports and connectors.
- • Explain factors to consider when selecting computer hardware.
- • State proper ways of maintaining computer hardware.
Lesson Note
LESSON 1
A. Meaning of Computer Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that can be seen and touched.
Examples include: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Motherboard, CPU, RAM, Hard disk, SSD Graphics card, Power supply unit and Printer
Hardware works together with software to enable a computer system to perform different tasks.
Meaning of Advanced Computer Hardware
Advanced computer hardware refers to modern and specialized physical components designed to provide improved processing speed, storage capacity, graphics performance, connectivity and overall computer performance.
Advanced hardware is commonly found in modern desktops, laptops, gaming computers, workstations and servers.
Examples include: Multi-core processors, High-capacity RAM, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), Solid-State Drives (SSDs), Advanced motherboards, Network Interface Cards (NICs), Servers, Advanced cooling systems
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the main processing component of a computer. It executes instructions and performs calculations and logical operations.
The CPU Is sometimes described as the brain of the computer because of its important role in processing instructions.
Functions of the CPU
Executes program instructions.
Performs arithmetic calculations.
Performs logical operations.
Controls the execution of computer programs.
Coordinates the activities of other components.
Multi-Core Processors
A multi-core processor contains two or more processing cores in one CPU package.
Examples include: Dual-core, Quad-core, Six-core, Eight-core processors
A multi-core CPU can handle multiple processing tasks more efficiently than a single-core processor in appropriately designed software.
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer. It provides connections through which major components communicate with one another.
Major components connected to the motherboard include: CPU, RAM, Storage devices, Graphics card, Expansion cards, Power supply, Input/output devices
Functions of the Motherboard
Connects major computer components.
Allows components to communicate.
Distributes electrical power to connected components.
Provides slots and ports for expansion and peripherals.
Supports the installation of processors, memory and other components.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, high-speed memory used by a computer to hold data and instructions that are currently being used.
RAM is volatile, meaning its contents are normally lost when power is removed.
Functions of RAM
Temporarily stores active programs.
Holds data currently being processed.
Helps applications run smoothly.
Supports multitasking.
Importance of RAM Capacity
A computer with adequate RAM can generally handle more active programs and larger workloads without relying as heavily on slower storage.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory designed to retain information even when the computer is switched off.
ROM and related non-volatile memory are used for important startup instructions and firmware.
Difference Between RAM and ROM
RAM ROM
Mainly used for temporary working data Used to retain important instructions/firmware
Volatile non-volatile
Contents normally disappear when power is removed Contents are retained without power
Supports active programs Supports essential system instructions
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized processor designed to perform graphics and other highly parallel calculations.
GPUs are important in Gaming, 3D modelling, Video editing, Animation, Computer-aided design, Scientific and technical computing and Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Functions of a GPU
Processes graphics.
Helps render images and videos.
Supports high-resolution displays.
Accelerates certain parallel computing tasks.
Improves performance in graphics-intensive applications.
Integrated and Dedicated Graphics
Integrated graphics are built into or closely integrated with the processor/platform and generally share system resources.
Dedicated graphics use a separate graphics card with its own graphics memory and processing resources.
Storage Devices
Storage devices are hardware components used to store data and information for future use.
Two important modern storage technologies are:
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
An HDD is a storage device that uses rotating magnetic disks and a read/write mechanism to store data.
Advantages of HDD
1. Usually provides large storage capacity.
2. Often costs less per unit of storage.
3. Suitable for storing large amounts of files.
Disadvantages of HDD
1. Has moving mechanical parts.
2. Generally slower than an SSD.
3. Can be more vulnerable to physical shock while operating.
Solid-State Drive (SSD)
An SSD is a storage device that uses flash memory and has no traditional moving mechanical parts.
Advantages of SSD
Faster data access.
Faster system startup.
Faster application loading.
Quiet operation.
Lower mechanical vulnerability to shock.
Generally uses less power than many HDDs.
Disadvantages of SSD
1. Usually costs more per unit of storage than an HDD.
2. High-capacity models can be expensive.
HDD and SSD Comparison
HDD SSD
Uses magnetic disks Uses flash memory
Contains moving parts No traditional moving parts
Generally slower Generally faster
Usually cheaper per GB Usually more expensive per GB
Can be affected more by physical shock More resistant to physical shock
Computer Servers
A server is a computer system designed to provide services, resources or data to other computers and devices on a network.
The computers or devices receiving these services are commonly called clients.
Examples of Servers: File server, Web server, Database server, Mail server, Application server, Print server
Functions of Servers
Store and share files.
Manage network resources.
Host websites and web applications.
Manage databases.
Provide services to connected users.
Support communication and collaboration.
Characteristics of Servers
1. Servers are often designed with:
2. Powerful processors
3. Large amounts of RAM
4. High-capacity storage
5. Reliable network connections
6. Redundant or reliable power systems
7. Advanced cooling
8. Hardware designed for continuous operation
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that allows a computer to connect to a network.
A NIC may support:
*Ethernet connections
*Wireless networking
Functions of a NIC
Connects a computer to a network.
Allows data to be transmitted and received.
Provides network communication capabilities.
Ports and Connectors
Ports are physical interfaces used to connect external devices to a computer.
Common examples include:
*USB Port
Used for connecting devices such as: Flash drives, Keyboards, Mice, External storage devices
*HDMI Port
Used to transmit digital video and audio to compatible displays.
*Ethernet Port
Used for wired network connections.
*Audio Ports
Used for connecting headphones, microphones and other audio equipment.
*USB-C
A modern reversible connector used for various purposes, including data transfer, charging and, depending on the device and implementation, display connectivity.
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
The Power Supply Unit (PSU) converts electrical power from an external source into the appropriate power needed by computer components.
Functions of a PSU
Supplies power to computer components.
Converts electrical power into suitable forms for the computer.
Distributes power to components such as the motherboard, drives and graphics card.
Helps provide stable electrical power to the system.
A PSU should have sufficient capacity for the computer’s components.
Cooling Systems
Computer components such as CPUs and GPUs produce heat during operation.
Cooling systems help remove this heat and maintain safe operating temperatures.
Types of Cooling
Air cooling — uses fans and heat sinks.
Liquid cooling — uses a liquid-based system to transfer heat away from components.
Importance of Cooling
1. Prevents overheating.
2. Helps maintain system performance.
3. Protects components.
4. Improves system reliability.
LESSON 2
Hardware Maintenance
Proper maintenance helps extend the useful life of computer hardware.
Hardware maintenance practices
Keep computers clean and dust-free.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid spilling liquids on devices.
Use appropriate power protection.
Handle components carefully.
Keep cooling fans and vents clear.
Avoid exposing computers to excessive heat.
Back up important data.
Inspect cables and connectors.
Allow qualified technicians to handle complex repairs.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Computer Hardware
When selecting hardware, consider:
Performance
The hardware should be powerful enough for the intended tasks.
Compatibility
Components must be compatible with the motherboard, operating system and other hardware.
Storage Capacity
The storage capacity should meet the user’s requirements.
RAM Capacity
Sufficient RAM helps the computer handle applications and multitasking.
Graphics Requirements
Users working with games, animation, design or video editing may require stronger graphics capabilities.
Power Requirements
The power supply should adequately support all installed components.
Cost
The hardware should fit within the available budget.
Reliability
Hardware should be durable and suitable for its intended workload.
Summary
Advanced computer hardware consists of modern and specialized physical components that improve the performance and capabilities of computer systems. Important components include the CPU, motherboard, RAM, ROM, GPU, HDD, SSD, server, NIC, PSU, ports and cooling systems.
The CPU processes instructions, the motherboard connects major components, RAM temporarily holds active data, storage devices keep information for future use, and GPUs handle graphics and parallel workloads. Servers provide resources and services to other computers on a network.
Proper selection, installation, maintenance and handling of hardware are important for achieving good computer performance and reliability.
Evaluation
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer from options A–D.
1. Which of the following is the main processing component of a computer?
A. Monitor
B. CPU
C. Keyboard
D. Printer
2. The main circuit board of a computer is called the _____.
A. Motherboard
B. Keyboard
C. Hard disk
D. Monitor
3. Which type of memory is normally volatile?
A. ROM
B. RAM
C. SSD
D. Flash drive
4. Which component is specially designed to handle graphics processing?
A. PSU
B. GPU
C. Keyboard
D. NIC
5. Which of the following is a solid-state storage device?
A. SSD
B. HDD
C. Magnetic tape
D. Optical drive
6. One major advantage of an SSD over an HDD is that an SSD _____.
A. Uses more moving parts
B. Generally provides faster data access
C. Requires magnetic disks
D. Cannot store files
7. A computer designed to provide services and resources to other computers on a network is called a _____.
A. Server
B. Scanner
C. Keyboard
D. Monitor
8. Which component allows a computer to connect to a network?
A. NIC
B. CPU fan
C. Speaker
D. Printer
9. Which port is commonly used to connect a computer to a wired network?
A. Ethernet port
B. Audio port
C. HDMI port
D. Power button
10. What is one major purpose of a computer cooling system?
A. To increase screen brightness
B. To prevent excessive heat buildup
C. To store files
D. To print documents
Theory Questions
1a. Define advanced computer hardware and list five examples.
1b. Explain the functions of the CPU, motherboard and RAM.
2a. Differentiate between HDD and SSD, stating two advantages of each.
2b. What is a GPU? State five areas where a GPU can be useful.
2c) Define a server and explain four functions of a server.